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Original articles for people who move healthcare messages for a living. Fact-checked against HL7 v2.5.1 and FHIR R4.

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FHIR Bundles: transaction vs batchWhen to use a FHIR R4 transaction Bundle versus a batch Bundle — atomicity, response types, conditional references, and a Penford training example.MSH-9 message types explainedPlain-English guide to HL7 v2 MSH-9 — message code, trigger event, and message structure — with Penford ADT training examples and structure pitfalls.HL7 v2 vs FHIR: when to use whichA practical comparison of HL7 v2 messaging and FHIR R4 APIs for interface analysts — coexistence, not a holy war. Penford training examples.Reading a PID segmentHow to read HL7 v2 PID fields without memorizing the whole chapter — identifiers, name, DOB, phone — with a Penford training example.Top 5 interface errors and how to fix themFive HL7 v2 interface failures analysts see constantly — missing control ID, bad DOB, MRN gaps, wrong processing ID, code-table misses — with fixes.What an HL7 ACK really tells youAA is not “everything worked forever.” Plain-English guide to HL7 v2 acknowledgment codes with a Penford training example and fix tips.
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